But sedimentary particles are almost always irregularly shaped. There is general absence of laminae and layers in the loessic formation. Since clay rocks are not soluble and hence these are least affected by chemical weathering but these are easily eroded away. (c) Siliceous rocks are formed due to dominance of silica content. The colour of sandstones varies according to the nature and amount of cementing elements and minerals. The materials deposited by glaciers are called glacial drifts which are deposited in four conditions and therefore there are four types of morainic deposits viz. The other subsequent forms of carbonaceous sedimentary rocks are lignite, bituminous and anthracite coals with greater proportion of carbon and darker colour. The sediments derived from the disintegration or decomposition of plants and animals are called organic sediments. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks, Geography, Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks. Running water contains chemical materials in suspension. Following are the two types of igneous rock: Intrusive igneous rock: … ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about the classification of sedimentary rocks on the basis of the nature of sediments:- 1. UBĖl����G۱@f�2�8\��ZŒ����J���a�O��X��&��Z l2��"��� b�n5� ��Úc$ִ�����=|�O��}+����U����Uui��"�B�D,9��Y7�}��;��������#��;hY��[�������w��o���MR��!0��Fc�������[�ɒ��ҳ�Lg�x�ɟޡ�B@���i fojP�g��"��E�tؒuzl��I�d2�S f�� �:�D�ax�� �Q�`��<2���F��%����X�����BhwOW��R;�v�S*�����hG�SggX�/��i��0=P�ʼ��"����늿fd��ƌ�'D��Y�oFF��7��Y����3a�r� ӇpL�� zI�F�ٝ�����}��e#�0� =���7�$�"� The geological processes that involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks are as under: 1. The best example is observable on the left and right banks of the palaeochannel and valley of the Narmada River at Dhunwadhar falls (Bheraghat) near Jabalpur (M.P.) 0000002758 00000 n Clastic rocks are classified by grain shape, grain size, and sorting. Sandstones, conglomerates, silt, shale, clay etc., are important mem­bers of this group. Sandstone is a very commonly occurring sedimentary rock. Outline the classification of sedimentary rocks. The purpose of the rock classification is to identify lithologic constituents of map units or to search digital geologic-map databases for specific rock types. The rocks having the carbonates of both calcium and mag­nesium are known as dolomites which are less soluble than limestones. c. Granite and obsidian are two examples of sedimentary rock. Classification on the Basis of Transporting Agents: Sedimentary rocks are also classified on the basis of transporting agents or geological agents (e.g. b. Sedimentary rocks consist of layers of material cemented together. A Basic Classification: Key - pdf version: This classification explores the total diversity of sedimentary rocks. In most cases it is made of rounded particles of quartz but it can contain feldspar and even fragments of rock. These chemical materials after being settled down and compacted and cemented form chemical sedimentary rocks such as gypsum and salt rocks. Although layering is sometimes present in igneous and metamorphic rocks, it is much more common in sedimentary rocks. 1. ��ms�6���y��M�lb^ͤ\zo��&�G�J�ǭ���"�J��Ϫ=��� ����q'%��x��I+� Rock Classification Numerous systems are in use for field and petrographic classification of rocks. Shales are formed due to consolidation of silt and clay. (ii) Medial moraines, when glacial sedimentary materi­als are deposited along the joining glaciers (the lateral moraines of joining ice streams merge and form a single medial moraine in the middle of larger flows), (iii) Ground moraines, when the glacial materials are deposited in the bed of the glacier, and. Clastic sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale are formed from mechanical weathering debris.. Chemical sedimentary rocks, such as rock salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some dolomites, and some … Pre­existing rocks are greatly disintegrated due to mechani­cal weathering in the hot and dry regions. • Some sediments and sedimentary rocks are resources in their own right, or contain resources. Organically Formed Sedimentary Rocks. 3 types of rocks. Mudrocks Mudrocks are made of fine grained clasts (silt and clay sized) . Clastic sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone and shale are formed from mechanical weathering debris from pre-existing rocks. They are formed from extreme _____ and tons of _____. Describe the mode of formation of the sedimentary rocks (b). Types of Sedimentary Rocks. Limestone is the most significant characteristic example of calcareous rocks. The three major classes of rock are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock. The sediments are so loosely arranged that they can be removed even by using fingers. These agents of transportation obtain different types of sediments and deposit them in suitable places where sediments are consolidated and cemented to form sedimentary rocks of various sorts. 0000002214 00000 n 0000001259 00000 n 0000002040 00000 n (ii) Carbonic acid reacts with limestone (CaCO3) to form calcium bi-carbonate (Ca (HCO3)2). Classify these rocks. Lime stones (CaCO3) or calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, (MgCO3) and dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2) are important carbonate rocks. 0000002306 00000 n The short answer is that, as a West Virginian, you live in a place made almost exclusively of sedimentary rock. Aque­ous word has been derived from Latin world ‘aqua’ which means ‘water’. Try and work out whether they are sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic. Sedimentary rocks are generally divided into three great categories, siliciclastic (or simply, clastic) rocks, chemical rocks and biochemical rocks. They HAVE VISIBLE BANDS. Sandstones become hard and resistant to erosion when cemented by silica. Three types of rocks make up the Earth’s crust. In this article we will discuss about the classification of sedimentary rocks on the basis of the nature of sediments:- 1. More importantly, why do I need to know something about stress and strain? Rocks are formed in three different ways to produce igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. On an average sandstones are porous rocks and water easily perco­lates through them. It may be pointed out that there is no ordering in the size of sediments as is the case with the seas and the oceans. Though gravels are found in layers but there is general absence of uniformity. Polished and rounded fragments are called pebbles having a diam­eter up to 4-64 mm while those fragments which have the diameter up to 256 mm or more are called boulders. (a). The sediments may be depos­ited in the beds of the rivers and in the flood plains. Erosion, 3. It is a good classification for someone wanting to learn to recognize and identify all the basic sedimentary rocks - without the technical details. Sedimentary rocks, the most common rocks on the Earth's surface, are readily identified by the presence of layers (beds). Geysreites are also deposits of silica around geysers. ܧ�.�[�k�rƉˀ� How to classify sedimentary rocks. Choose the best description of sedimentary rock from the choices below. : (a) Calcareous rocks are formed due to deposi­tion and consolidation of sediments derived from the skeletons and remains of those animals and plants which contain larger portion of lime. Through a microscope, a rock shows that it is made of crystals of different minerals, all growing together like a puzzle. Weathering, 2. ��M䡲�m��-���r�◨���ՙI��&H^Y�W� �3�h�i^��� H5'W?k^Hfnt�}�+ywة(8)s1����/�HVVj*�J�l�֐PK�@�}����@�>������smK�s_���e_�H�YMd3�=h�{��>]����iuM�|�tPk��8�� %PDF-1.2 %���� : (i) Lateral moraines, when gla­cial materials are deposited on either side of a glacier. The most extensive loessic deposits are found in north China where the thickness of sediments is of several hundred metres. Check other links also: Previous Year Solved Papers Monthly Current Affairs UPSC Study Material Gist of Yojana UPSC Current Affairs (Daily Updated) trailer << /Size 187 /Info 150 0 R /Encrypt 164 0 R /Root 163 0 R /Prev 379170 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 163 0 obj << /Pages 157 0 R /Type /Catalog /DefaultGray 158 0 R /DefaultRGB 159 0 R /PageMode /UseOutlines /OpenAction 165 0 R /Outlines 167 0 R /Search 160 0 R /URI 161 0 R >> endobj 164 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O ( U�V�.�`�����Dz�-���#_m�_�}�g) /U (^��5W���]#��@j��{Ͷ���CV,�k�) /P -4 >> endobj 165 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 166 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 185 0 obj << /S 506 /O 586 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 186 0 R >> stream Igneous rocks form as a result of volcanic activity, hot spots, … Water can easily infiltrate in the loessic deposits. 0000001064 00000 n These are essentially impervi­ous rocks. 0000001827 00000 n The Yellow river (formerly Hwang Ho) and its tributaries easily erode the loessic deposits and hence the river becomes overloaded and causes frequent severe floods. Allu­vial deposits develop polygonal cracks due to their exposure to insolation. These materials are further broken down into Finer particles due to their mutual collision during their transportation. Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are those rocks which are formed by the weathered sediments of pre existing rocks (igneous or metamorphic rocks). Types of Sedimentary Rocks. (a) Sandstones are formed mostly due to deposi­tion, cementation and consolidation of sand grains. Sandstones, limestones, dolomites and chalk are the most important examples of marine argillaceous sedimentary rocks. Organic Sedimentary Rocks. Loess is the most impor­tant member of this group. 0000002924 00000 n The term conglomerate is applied to cemented fragmental rocks containing rounded frag­ments such as pebbles and boulders; if the fragments are angular or subangular, the rock is called breccia’. Geyserites have different colours e.g., white, gray or pink due to impurities of deposition of various types of sediments. Sedimentary rocks are classified by the source of their sediments, and are produced by one or more processes that follow: Sedimentary rocks. Prohibited Content 3. Sill and clay are soft and weak rocks but they are definitely impervious. _____--metamorphic rocks contain minerals that have been aligned by pressure and almost look like pages in a book. Weathering 0000004043 00000 n These materials after being deposited and consolidated in different water bodies (sedimenta­tion basins, lakes, seas, rivers etc.) Sandstone: Sandstone is rock made of particles of sand of size up to 2 mm. The river is called “Yel­low” because of the yellow colour of the sediments which are derived through the erosion of yellow col­oured Chinese loess. Discuss the concept of rounding in sedimentary rocks (d). Most sedimentary rocks are deposited under water so the 3 types of rocks There are 3 types of rocks found on Earth: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic. Rock Cycle. a. Sedimentary rocks were formed under a lot of heat and pressure. D. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks from Composition: 1. The particles are further commi­nuted into finer particles due to attrition while they are being transported from one place to another. (ii) Arkose sandstones (feldspar being the domi­nant mineral), (iii) Lithic arenites (composed of fine grained rock fragments, mostly derived from shales, slates, schists and volcanic rocks) and. 0000001203 00000 n Chalks are formed due to precipitation of carbonate materials which are derived from micro-organisms like foraminifera. It may be pointed out that alluvial deposits are renewed almost every year. Rocks There are three different types of rocks. Their relationships to the three divisions from the simple ideal model are shown in the figure below. The initial form of carbonaceous rocks is peat which is of a dark gray colour. Clastic or detrital sedimentary rocks are made from pieces of bedrock, sediment, derived primarily by mechanical weathering. 0000001805 00000 n A shale is composed of clay sized particles and is a rock that tends to break into thin flat fragments (See figure 7.6e in your text). Chalk is another form of carbonate rocks but it is softer and more porous than limestone. Alluvia are deposited on either side of the alluvial rivers during floods. CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTS 1. (ii) Lacustrine argillaceous sedimentary rocks are formed due to depo­sition and consolidation of sediments in Lake Environ­ment. The rock fragments after being cemented by clay form gravels. Uploader Agreement, List of Important Sedimentary Rocks | Geology, Sedimentary Rocks: Formation, Classification and Uses | Petrology, Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks | Rocks | Geography, Essay on Sedimentary Rocks: Top 4 Essays | Types | Rocks | Geology, Essay on Rainfall: Top 6 Essays on on Rainfall | Climatology | Geography, International Tourism in India: Introduction, History, Trends, Opportunities and Future, Forestry: Definition, Branches, Costs, Programme and Conclusion | Geography, Contribution of Russia to World Geography (In Hindi), French Scholars and their Contribution to Geography in Hindi. form sedimentary rocks known as clastic sedimentary rocks. Content Guidelines 2. specific texture (foliation) in the rocks. These sediments after being depos­ited and consolidated form organic sedimentary rocks. The details of all publications are in the researchgate in full text pdf forms. 0000004335 00000 n Plagiarism Prevention 5. The text provides a comprehensive description, classification and interpretation of all major sedimentary rock groups. Why you may ask, do I need to know about sedimentary rocks? You should know all about sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks, so have a look at these pictures and see if you can identify each specimen. 1.4 Classification 1.4.1 A lot of effort has gone into devising rational classifications of sand- stones—more than for other sedimentary rocks. (iii) Riverine argillaceous sedimentary rocks are those which are formed due to deposition of sediments in the riverine environment. Mechanically Formed Sedimentary Rocks: Previously formed rocks are subjected to me­chanical or physical … Content Filtration 6. Account Disable 11. @5�xrC�8o�\�P@#��c��7���ӿ��չ5/��h���n�>D,�R���O#6 ��)�[C��:��gP� Deposition, 4. The deposits are of yellow colour and are rich in lime and hence these look like fine loam soils. Report a Violation 10. &�L?�=� Limestones are found in both the forms-thinly bedded and thickly bedded. Mechanically Formed Sedimentary Rocks 2. Rock cycle is the continuous process in which old rocks are transformed into new ones. Siliceous rocks are formed due to aggregation and compaction of wastes derived from sponge and radiolarian organisms and diatom plants. (e). Previously formed rocks are subjected to me­chanical or physical disintegration and thus the rocks are broken into fragments of different sizes. erate 11. Clay rocks are formed due to deposition and cementation of fine sediments. w�i����~}0�Q�tr���BG�ua�9G�ܣ��c�3��`Lr�q�c܍�۟��l�dWz���� ���ѡ�\B�]����%.5�s;c".�#��Iـ�X�Q����x9>z3U���B�9���g��" VZ������4}B-���1�'O�I���]�e��Ť2� 162 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 166 /H [ 1259 568 ] /L 382540 /E 7676 /N 34 /T 379181 >> endobj xref 162 25 0000000016 00000 n The calcareous rocks are collectively called as carbonate rocks or simply carbonates. Vegetation remains can be seen with the help of microscope. Shales are formed of thin laminae which are easily separated. Such deposition includes alluvia which are dominated by clay. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in the Goldich dissolution series. Before uploading and sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Aqueous rocks are called argillaceous rocks because of the dominance of clay in the rocks. 4. Clastic rocks may also include chemically weathered sediment. 0000002868 00000 n On the basis of textural and mineralogical characteristics sandstones are classified into: (i) Quartz arenites (arenite from Latin word arena, meaning thereby sand) composed entirely of quartz grains. (f). (2) Distinguish grains from matrix in a clastic sedimentary rock. Such aggregates constitute the basic unit of which the solid Earth is composed and typically form recognizable and mappable volumes. Continu­ous deposition of sands results in the formation of different layers but these layers are not well consoli­dated as is the case with the argillaceous rocks. : (b) If the floor of the lakes is raised due to earth movements, and. It may be pointed out that the Yellow river of China carries the largest amount of sediments (1640 million tonnes per year) in the world. Sand grains are divided into five categories on the basis of their size. Some­times, there is complete absence of layers in the airborn or aeolian sedimentary rocks. • Much of our knowledge of the evolution of life on Earth derives from fossils preserved in sedimentary rocks. Copyright 9. Chemically Formed Sedimentary Rocks 3. Introduction to Sedimentation Fig. Coals are also found in stratified form wherein coal layers are known as coal seams. 1. The sedimentary rocks are classified into three different types: Organic, Clastic and Chemical Sedimentary Rocks. Winds pick up these sands and deposit them at various places. Please update your bookmarks accordingly. (c) If the whole lake is filled up with sediments. 8.15). 5.1 Understanding Earth, 6 th ed, Grotzinger and Jordan (2010) As a river carrying sediment … where the loessic banks rise 20 to 25 m from the valley floor and form complete vertical free- face cliff section. on sedimentary rocks may seem rather extensive to some. The classification in Table 1 is been based on visual identification using a hand lens. The rocks formed of the sediments having the grain size of 0.0312 mm to 0.004 mm are called silts whereas clays are formed when the sediments of the grain size of0.004 mm to 0.00012 mm are cemented and consoli­dated. Sedimentary rock is classified into two main categories: clastic and chemical. 3.4 Understanding Earth, 3 rd ed, Press and Siever (2002) Fig. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. They are formed of both fine sediments as well as coarse sediments. Everyone agrees that classifica-tions are important and useful, not only for communication but also for organi- d. Sedimentary rocks are the least common type of rock. grains).. Sandstones are one of the most common types of sedimentary rocks. Such materials are called chemically derived or formed sediments. Thus, most outstanding characteristic feature of loess is that the entire loessic mass may stand like a vertical cliff or wall. SIZE 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 If all sedimentary particles had the shape of regular geometrical solids, like a sphere or a triaxial ellipsoid or a square, both the concept and the measurement of grain size would be straightforward. Originally published in , Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks is now back in print and Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Dr. Sam Boggs wrote what has come to be considered the definitive text on the subject of sedimentary petrology. This process results in the formation of immense quantity of sands of different sizes. Name: _____ Sedimentary Rock Classification Lab Instructions Objectives: (1) Determine whether a sedimentary rock has a clastic, bioclastic, or crystalline texture. • Sedimentary Rock: – Consolidated sediment – Lithified sediment 3 Basic Types of Sedimentary Rocks • Detrital ( = Clastic) – Made of Rock Fragments • Biochemical – Formed by Organisms • Chemical – Precipitated from Chemical Solution Detrital Material Transported by a River Formation of a Sedimentary Rocks 1. 2020-09-29 A sedimentary rock is composed of compacted or cemented grains which have become lithified. Types of Igneous Rock. It is evident that as we go away from the coast lands towards the sea, the size of sediments becomes so fine that they are kept in suspension with oceanic water. What Are Sedimentary Rocks? A siltstone is one variety that consists of silt-sized fragments. Tiny debris from the rock masses and mountains are eroded together with soils, sand, and other granite pieces are normally washed from highlands to low areas. These materials are obtained, transported and deposited at suitable places by differ­ent exogenous processes (geological agents) like run­ning water (rivers), wind, glaciers, and sea waves. 0000000869 00000 n All rocks, be it igneous, metamorphic, or the already existing sedimentary rocks are constantly subjected to weathering and erosion. Argillaceous rocks are further divided into 3 sub-types on the basis of the places of their forma­tion: (i) Marine argillaceous sedimentary rocks are formed due to deposition and consolidation of sediments in the oceans and seas mainly in their littoral zones. Organically Formed Sedimentary Rocks. Rock, in geology, naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more minerals. 0000002476 00000 n 0000002123 00000 n Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Alabaster is a common name, not a geological name, for massive gypsum rock. 0000002812 00000 n (3) Identify sedimentary rocks and the major minerals contained in it. Alabaster. When sand grains are deposited in water bodies and are aggregated and consolidated by cementing elements (e.g., silica, calcium, iron oxide, clay etc. On the basis of lime and carbon content these rocks are divided into 3 categories e.g. Clastic sedimentary rocksare composed of fragments of older rocks that have been deposited and consolidated boulders greater than 25.6 cm cobbles 6.4 to 25.6 cm pebbles2 mm to 6.4 cm sand1/16 mm to 2 mm silt1/256 mm to 1/16 mm clayless … They may comprise some 75% of all rocks exposed at the surface of the Earth. These are called fragmental rock materials or clastic materials which become source materials for the formation of clastic sedimentary rocks. The lacustrine rocks may be seen in 3 conditions viz. e�4���T�~�(9!Ru�����ē��K�V�ޣ�+i�*\'���+-B��=T z̑� �Ԯ3}�/�l��U��(,q�`5[����&s#�p� rӒt@?��'���@3w)$Y��䞱Im߽�� ���k�� 8�7H�����+�&w�������z���ڗ�����w�!P:���|���ͅr ,��d-r��G�n�1�*]D&)v����KF7�ƭk�Z�,b�$$z��6č In fact, the word argillaceous has been derived from Latin word ‘argyll’ or ‘argill’ meaning thereby clay. The process of sedimentation in marine environment is well ordered and sequential in character. 0000007402 00000 n If conglomerates are formed due to their cementation by silica, they become very hard rocks and resistant to erosion. Loess is, in fact, the heaps of unconsolidated fine materials. Generally, the sediments are deposited at the floor of the lakes. When the rounded fragmental materials are cemented by quartz, the resultant rocks become conglomerates. Carbonaceous rocks are more important economically than geomorphologically. On the basis of their mode of formation, sedimentary rocks are classified as 1) Mechanically formed or Clastic rocks 2) Originally formed rocks 3) Chemically formed rocks 7. In other words, the size of particles deceases progressively from the coastal lands towards the seas or the oceans e.g., the order of the particles from the coast lands towards the sea is of boulders, cobbles, pebbles, gran­ules, sands, silts, clay and lime. (b) Conglomerates are formed due to cementa­tion and consolidation of pebbles of various sizes together with sands. Source- NCERT. Illustrate the common structures and textures in sedimentary rocks. �g�SƆ�����,/%���Q��}�-�����Zok 0u���T�b��t̆��0���K�s�2h�m�bv���I��qF⣨���Y%?�JJg휞�ߺKD6F� ����Һ�)^���FV�[w��_.�nq���nYs�Rp�`�;1� )���1E-�U�E��$S.���؜���CD�W0Y��E�^�_��E� 4�h��6�Z�;hnV{t�s���G�+��G��R �t�"Ҙv-+2�I�x�[��uV?���b�� �Oi����6�X0W�ą) Lr��1�L�]]�Oa~�Q����-��O.̠ž[�ۅ���B�����2*��7+ཨf�*ئCw֮]�Įf�+��SZ�`v��l�`�&(�+ M�24�o�^���C����Ȏ�-IbB r�?0��kܪ�k. It is … These are soft and porous rocks. Clay rocks are formed exclu­sively of kaolin minerals. This rock type mainly comprises coal and limestones which is formed due to accumulation and deposition of dead plants and animals in rock layers. Disclaimer 8. Though limestones are very weak rocks in hu­mid regions because these easily dissociate when they come in contact with water but these become resistant rocks in hot and dry climate because of the fact that limestones have uniform and homogeneous structure and hence these are not affected by differential expan­sion and contraction due to temperature changes. (iv) Terminal moraines (these are formed when the glacier is ablated and materials are deposited therein (fig. Knowing the differences between these 3 types of rocks allows us to learn about Earths past.. Igneous Rocks - Formation Igneous Rocks are formed by melting, cooling, and crystallization of other rocks. (2) Aeolian sedimentary rocks are formed due to deposition of sands brought down by the wind. 0000005732 00000 n Think about how they were formed. Terms of Service 7. Metamorphic rocks can be either: a). ]��v��\� ��D�_��SB�}7h�(��w����G��.P_��c!" There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks. Rocks can be a combination of as many as six types of minerals. E Sedimentary rock - Sedimentary rock - Classification of sandstones: There are many different systems of classifying sandstones, but the most commonly used schemes incorporate both texture (the presence and amount of either interstitial matrix—i.e., clasts with diameters finer than 0.03 millimetre—or chemical cement) and mineralogy (the relative amount of quartz and the relative … These carbonate rocks, after weath­ering and chemical erosion, give birth to karst topog­raphy. 0000002420 00000 n Pure clay rocks are of white colour but they change in colour when they are mixed with the impurities of other materials. Give an account of sediment erosion and transport (c). 0000004617 00000 n We have moved all content for this concept to for better organization. When such chemically active water comes in contact with the country rocks in its way, soluble materials are removed from the rocks. Based on major transporting agents, sedimentary rocks are divided into: (1) Argillaceous rocks are also called as aqueous rocks because these are formed in water areas. rocks is proposed as part of a comprehensive scheme for use in digital geologic maps and computer-based geoscience information systems in North America. The most dominant minerals are calcite (of hexagonal shape) and argonite (of orthorhombic shape). Thus, loess is easily eroded away. Chemically Formed Sedimentary Rocks 3. Image Guidelines 4. l��9��Eі��?ћ��;4 V�JظY_*R�~:��_�K��~����/Ke��o��EX6fC>�H�M]C;G� _��ㄵv��f�ͪF�rj7��/�S��W�+��m�C\�[�� endstream endobj 186 0 obj 452 endobj 166 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 151 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 178 0 R /F1 181 0 R >> /ProcSet 184 0 R >> /Contents 182 0 R /CropBox [ 144 144 468 648 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 167 0 obj << /Count 5 /Type /Outlines /First 168 0 R /Last 169 0 R >> endobj 168 0 obj << /Title (��}��H9gU�) /Parent 167 0 R /A 177 0 R /Next 174 0 R >> endobj 169 0 obj << /Title (�\(�sb����/��) /Prev 170 0 R /Parent 167 0 R /A 171 0 R >> endobj 170 0 obj << /Title (�o�>�Q�"�/u�>�G���) /Next 169 0 R /Prev 172 0 R /Parent 167 0 R /A 173 0 R >> endobj 171 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 132 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 172 0 obj << /Title (a�� �uT�+�N�R̲) /Next 170 0 R /Prev 174 0 R /Parent 167 0 R /A 175 0 R >> endobj 173 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 115 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 174 0 obj << /Title (��P��I���ea��5�> endobj 175 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 4 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 176 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 166 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 177 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 166 0 R /Fit ] >> endobj 178 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F0 /BaseFont /CenturySchoolbook,Bold /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 750 287 296 333 574 574 833 852 241 389 389 500 606 278 333 278 278 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 278 278 606 606 606 500 747 759 778 778 833 759 722 833 870 444 648 815 722 981 833 833 759 833 815 667 722 833 759 981 722 722 667 389 606 389 606 500 333 611 648 556 667 574 389 611 685 370 352 667 352 963 685 611 667 648 519 500 426 685 611 889 611 611 537 389 606 389 606 750 750 750 241 574 481 1000 500 500 333 1000 667 333 1000 750 750 750 750 241 241 481 481 606 500 1000 333 1000 500 333 907 750 750 722 287 296 574 574 606 722 606 500 333 747 367 500 606 333 747 500 400 549 344 344 333 576 747 278 333 344 367 500 861 861 861 500 759 759 759 759 759 759 981 778 759 759 759 759 444 444 444 444 833 833 833 833 833 833 833 650 833 833 833 833 833 722 759 611 611 611 611 611 611 611 870 556 574 574 574 574 370 370 370 370 611 685 611 611 611 611 611 549 611 685 685 685 685 611 667 611 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 179 0 R >> endobj 179 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /CenturySchoolbook,Bold /Flags 16418 /FontBBox [ -250 -214 1200 964 ] /MissingWidth 750 /StemV 167 /StemH 167 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 964 /XHeight 674 /Ascent 964 /Descent 214 /Leading 203 /MaxWidth 1000 /AvgWidth 524 >> endobj 180 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /CenturySchoolbook /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -250 -213 1200 987 ] /MissingWidth 747 /StemV 85 /StemH 85 /ItalicAngle 0 /CapHeight 987 /XHeight 690 /Ascent 987 /Descent 213 /Leading 200 /MaxWidth 1000 /AvgWidth 467 >> endobj 181 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /Name /F1 /BaseFont /CenturySchoolbook /FirstChar 31 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 750 278 296 389 556 556 833 815 204 333 333 500 606 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 606 606 606 444 737 722 722 722 778 722 667 778 833 407 556 778 667 944 815 778 667 778 722 630 667 815 722 981 704 704 611 333 606 333 606 500 333 556 556 444 574 500 333 537 611 315 296 593 315 889 611 500 574 556 444 463 389 611 537 778 537 537 481 333 606 333 606 750 750 750 204 556 389 1000 500 500 333 1000 630 259 1000 750 750 750 750 204 204 389 389 606 556 1000 333 1000 463 259 833 750 750 704 287 296 556 556 606 704 606 500 333 737 334 426 606 333 737 500 400 549 333 333 333 576 606 278 333 333 300 426 833 833 833 444 722 722 722 722 722 722 1000 722 722 722 722 722 407 407 407 407 778 815 778 778 778 778 778 606 778 815 815 815 815 704 667 574 556 556 556 556 556 556 796 444 500 500 500 500 315 315 315 315 500 611 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 611 611 611 611 537 574 537 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 180 0 R >> endobj 182 0 obj << /Length 183 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream Erosion and transport ( c ) Siliceous rocks are broken into fragments rock! 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