red mud composition

Depending on the raw material processed, 1–2.5 tons of red mud is generated per ton of alumina produced [1]. In India, about 4.71 million tons/annum of red mud is produced which is 6.25% of world’s total digestion with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure [2]. ��G $��|��3�T�FuȤ,5N��3�L�R6�`k^�YF�#�IraT��3gp ��S��;�sS��|q��|��R9��e1��_��O�v�7�s-C��ęD;��ޞ��S�X�\�W� �aN�*�r� �:�d20{v��]�O�f�P� L��)p�4P��5�}��|u�1V|wY@$Y_�� ģ� �ZM��Ǐ>�M�17K�K��.E[�FC�g�0N�p�:��k��N��E��~�^��*��s�\��x�� Bauxite tailings are alkaline with a pH that ranges from 10 to 13 whi… 4 0 obj BISAC: TEC010020. Red Mud: Production, Composition and Impact begins by giving a brief review of laboratories, in situ and remote sensing techniques applied to characterize the RM waste materials focusing on both standard and novel methods. Nova publishes a wide array of books and journals from authors around the globe, focusing on Medicine and Health, Science and Technology and the Social Sciences and Humanities. The primary component of red mud is iron oxide which gives the substance its red color. heat insulating material. (Teodor Sandu, Anamaria Zaharia, Andrei Sarbu, Rodica Zavoianu and Eleonora Luminita Mara, National Research- Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry (INCDCP- ICECHIM), Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, Romania, and others), Chapter 3. Table 1. 1.1 Typical composition of red mud 1 1.2 Chemical composition of typical Indian red muds 2 2.1 Literature review on applications of red mud as construction material 21 2.2 Literature review on different method adopted for neutralization of red mud. The composition of claim 1 which is a flexible film and which comprises 30 to 50 weight percent polyvinylchloride, 5 to 25 weight percent red-mud and 3 to 10 weight percent used motor oil. ( Wang and Liu, 2012) measured by using X-ray diffractometer. Typical chemical composition of Indian red mud is tabulated in table-1. Chemical constituent Fe2O3 Al2O3 SiO2 CaO Na2OTiO2 K2OSc2O3 V2O5 Nb2O5 TREO Loss Bayer process 26.41 18.94 8.52 21.84 4.75 7.40 0.068 0.76 0.34 0.008 0.012 9.71 endobj RM is mainly made up of oxides of iron, aluminum, silicon and titanium. Red mud is a toxic byproduct of the industrial process that refines bauxite, raw aluminum ore, into aluminum oxide, or alumina. :��>��ݎ.no��O�Í�3� ��!��n�~u� 2m��Vǆxw��]R ��ck��&�n��n��1�V�w�� ֬6�hLx2}.UUj�U�c//�nֻ�]g��B�t��#�"Qmm}fw #Vηf- �Fki��$��C3��Ψ�֠�n �\��a �b��H�[�7g��?#6��r2$8P#a�lQ?�A�۫f�;�O�̣�kf��Z!P��?��1��I�FH.�Y ��p1��`y�8�1��kqtws��B��\5��M��Ygaa &�Op��@,v�R/��_��G-��?^�"K��Y�;`ӛ�e�w��s��xA3��Y�_��z��8_2��pZ�rs~@`�b�]�i�1�g��E@4�l��50� �QȑI��[8]]�~Fg�C3��^��Ռtt��A��O��s��t��f��([�f�� lh��Q��)j��p�`*P�b�2Y��؊n��5^ߜ"��|�n��^��_��R�+�W University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain, and others), Chapter 4. (Rodica Zăvoianu, Anca Cruceanu, Octavian D. Pavel, Andrei Sârbu, Teodor Sandu and Luminiţa Mara, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, and others), Chapter 5. %PDF-1.5 Some estimates say that red mud can contain as much as 64% Iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3), 43% aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3), and 24% titanium dioxide (TiO 2),² though it’s important to note that the composition of red mud varies significantly across sources. at WPI takes a different approach by selectively obtaining Scandium without extracting the more abundant Iron. @�C�&��4}�&��GuۖU[��`��D�X�4�u��Z\;z��KV�e��ǏXQ��+/d]2vt��QU��?��`�G?>~��|1U2�[��O�w��z�{?��V��O���V��nsya�b��(^V��V��" ��i��=�sxu��(�n�F��(s� �*��E*^�a�EfP��Z%�hD�=1��Wb�)��r)��a@Dë,hS��L)xN��N��T*9�R�~k��YW̉��z8��q�u��J&��?#$��d � w��S��%_|��7p�U�I�g�٢�m��x�9X+��hAs�d>5K?/�J!�1O1��~rV�e�6`��y�Pr ��F͞�5�_oGt�ZO�R��.��u+p]*1E��`� Sign me up! Hauppauge, NY, 11788 USA, – Shipping and Returns endobj The composition of red mud can vary significantly and often contains trace heavy metals, but perhaps the most challenging aspect standing in the way of red mud reuse is its high alkalinity. Red mud is composed of minerals such as hematite, gibbsite, calcite, quartz, goethite, diaspore, rutile, kaolinite, etc. A great deal of attention is also paid to the possible applications of these new alternatives to classical materials. RM is usually considered as… About 0.5-2 tonne of red mud is generated for Red mud is a waste material derived as residual from the Bayer process by the caustic digestion of crushed bauxite at elevated temperature. The final chapter reviews the existing technological solutions to valorize the red mud in order to develop other engineering activities. Series: Waste and Waste Management Red Mud (RM) is a solid waste product obtained from aluminum industries which is reddish brown in color. :��\;]q��Ȇ$��)x�fXe{�J�N��'z�7qMf�NR�TV�[��N�?��\z�G �Ԯ�P>��18�&h!JAI ie(a�%v��Ty��Y�v��!4��bG��Q�DI�R�W�ƻ��]��s�+��K�.��?6k��. | Nova publishes a wide array of books and journals from authors around the globe, focusing on Medicine and Health, Science and Technology and the Social Sciences and Humanities. endobj “Red and brown muds are precipitated from a caustic suspension of sodium aluminate in a slurry and routed to large on-site surface impoundments known as red and brown mud lakes. Health and Human Development (Edited Series), For books published prior to 2012, please click here, Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement. NOVA PUBLISHERS NEWSLETTER The red mud was composed of … (Sékou Traoré, D. Lanciné Traoré, Sine Diakite and Sekou Amadou Condé, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Conakry Polytechnic Institute, Conakry, Guinea). 210 wt% CaO TiO2. “The composition of [red mud] varies so much it means one [type of solution] will not work,” says Brajendra Mishra, a materials scientist at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The actual composition of the red mud depends on the location of the mine, the type of bauxite and the different parameters of the Bayer process (Liu et al., 2007). We publish over 1,500 new titles per year by leading researchers each year, and have a network of expert authors, editors and advisors spanning the global academic community in pursuit of advanced research developments. The chemical composition of the two kinds of red mud determined by XRF analyzer is given in Table 1. In the present paper, the phase composition and structural transition of red mud heated from room temperature are indicated by XRD, TG-DTA, and SEM techniques. The chemical composition of Al 2O 3 and red mud particles used in this study are presented in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. – Terms of Service Red mud also contains some heavy metals and have pH Different characterizations were carried out on red mud uncalcined and samples calcined in the range of 100°C–1400°C. Depending on the application, this often requires that the material be neutralized first, by one of many methods. In order to find the possibility of recycling an industry waste solid red mud from earth, a kind of geopolymer material system based on red mud-fly ash-carbide slag has been developed entirely from waste. Apart from iron oxide, other primary substances within red mud include titanium oxide, residual aluminum oxides, and silica. The main characteristics of several red muds from own studies and the scientific literature are described, and relevant examples of chemical composition variability of red muds emphasize the variability in chemical and mineralogical composition of red muds. Sales Online Red Mud Polymer Composites Red Mud is produced during the process for alumina production. Red mud in an liquid state causes harmful effects to human skin. – Privacy Notice. �[�oW8�E��Ӭ#�lVH:�h��#�ׂ�i@g� The performance of red mud-adsorbents in the removal of inorganic anions, heavy metals and organic compounds from wastewaters, and gaseous effluents is also discussed. unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Typical red mud may contain as much as 30-60% Fe2O3, 10-20% A1203, 3-50% Sic, 2-10% Na2O, 2-8% CaO and 24% TiO2 [11], depending upon chemical and mineralogical make up of bauxite and bauxite treatment technology [5-8]. © 2004 - 2020 Nova Science Publishers | All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1. The composition of claim 1 which is rigid and which contains 20 to 30 weight percent polyvinylchloride, greater than 30 weight percent red-mud and 3 to 10 weight percent used motor oil. the composition, recycling and utilisations of the Bayer red mud. Bauxite Potential of Guinea and the Management Prospects of the Red Mud as the Main Byproduct Resulting from Its Conversion into Alumina Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) The gamma-phasmatoscopy using a high purity Germanium sensor for . About 120,000,000 t red mud would be discharged globally every year [ 1. Environmental Protection Applications of Red Mud Expired - Lifetime Application number US05/816,668 Inventor Paul L. C. Hao Horng S. Tang Wei W. Hsu Influence of Bauxite Ore on Chemical and Mineralogical Composition Variability of Red Mud The quantity of the substances within the red mud depends on the quality of bauxite as well as the conditions used during the extraction process. Headquarters: (L. Pérez-Villarejo, D. Eliche-Quesada, B. Carrasco-Hurtado, P.J. China has a target to recycle 10% of all of its red mud, and Chalco has already introduced several solutions to recover iron and rare earth metals from red mud waste, so the residues can be used for steel and concrete production. Chemical composition A chemical analysis of red mud (RM) reveals the presence of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti, as well as an array of minor constituents, such as Na, K, Cr, V, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb Composition Fe2O3. mud red composition waste Prior art date 1977-07-18 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Percentage 3060 wt% Al2O3. It is chemically characterized by the presence of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti as well as an array of minor constituents such as Na, K, Cr, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb. Non-fired bricks. �L�r��&��6%�Asf�ը�c�]�`ﳰ �&�ͪp� ��`/��"ؓ,,&g� ��8_K�,��=�k`�KP7��u`� h��W�uk\�v�a�0RD/ /��t��_�v�H��'YX]6��}֢B��~B��͒KPڙQ 415 Oser Avenue, Suite N Constituting less than 1% by composition red mud, the current extraction procedure –solvent extraction is not very cost-effective due to the high cost of reagents. Research has shown that bauxite tailings are made up of a combination of metallic and solid oxides. Red Mud: A Brief Review on Conventional and Unconventional Techniques Used to Characterize This Waste Material Red mud is the tailings generated from the production process of alumina in aluminum industry. For manufacturing of the MMCs, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 wt% of reinforcement consisting of Al 2O 3 and red mud particles mixed in equal quantities were used. In addition to iron, the other dominant components include silica, unleached residual alumina, and titanium oxide. The result showed that: Red mud Tanrai Alumina Processing plant contains a big content of oxides, such as: Fe 2 O 3, Al 2 O 3, SiO 2, TiO 2, NaO, K 2. <>>> Extraction of Iron and Other Metal Values from Red Mud The `Elgai Process' is a patented process for the removal of alumina from Ill. RAKESH KUMAR, J.P. SRIVASTAVA and PREMCHAND N(�lH�8��ΫM9�M��U�7Y�ò�.� �ɼ]�)��pT2o��16og� �F-�I,&�S؜ĺ��.��I,ŕrrNb9S��3q`-F!��#+��/n�R`�T��O��pp�*=�@ Z9O 8@�̻ʺ]��cW&��\��R��݆꣧�;��]�m�'o�Z`�_�Q�aEI sXs��O��f&�-�Z�I[�Fli � �4ـ8��&�w�6r�.M.N-� ��)|��\o��Hp�6FHg��j��j�W��s��!�� ,k��"JB��]��BL��G`��"|ƣ�O��l1y[�&N"n�B\O�y��X�ă�Y V|�,��Y"4�.�r��j0S��\�6+��)l�_��aS|Gf��æIW�g��`��4�6�1'��C��l�b��}/ �b�[��c�T��K�y�! Mud is closely related to slurry and sediment. Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. This compilation systematically presents the updated scientific literature data regarding the applications of red mud waste in environmental protection. 6. 1020 wt% SiO2. The red colour arises from iron oxides, which comprise up to 60% of the mass. Y��}�C0K��;��w��s��P��[�>}t�r� �$G�a�|�( .47.�}��{��?��CB��܇`�w0��_��C��$��Rs`08cg�h��v�D��a�X|r��8z4P�� x��s�#�)1UWN3Fq�k��b_v��'zD+�~�� W}F�^ܮ��h�V�l�t�� {�U.�5�$�\��I��9[��c��^��߿� 3��8� <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> In these lakes, the red and brown muds settle to the bottom and the water is … The specific gravity of red mud is 2.77 gcm −3 measured by gas picnometer. The mud is highly basic with a pH ranging from 10 to 13. The chemical composition of the fly ash and red mud are shown in Table 1 and the fly ash was Class F as per ASTM C618–15 . composition and phase analysis of the red mud used in the investigation are given in Table 2. 2 0 obj UNSCEAR. Red mud is a waste material derived as residual from the Bayer process by the caustic digestion of crushed bauxite at elevated temperature. Next, the authors deal with composite materials based on different kind of polymers and red mud, and attempts to summarize the literature about these kind of materials. Jamaican red mud Of the four plants that produce red mud as a by-product, three of them process gibbsite-rich bauxite and consequently the resulting red muds are gibbsite-rich, whereas the other for obvious reasons, produces boehmite-rich red mud. 2 Utilization of red mud---Commercially Physical texture of Red mud classified by equilateral triangle are sandy loam (57.1% sand; limon 33.8%; clay 9.1%). I would like to receive emails from Nova Science Publishers. We invite you to browse our site to find the books or journals of particular interest to you. <> As a waste product of the Bayer process the mud is highly basic with a Ph ranging from 10 to 13. . When geological deposits of mud are formed in estuaries the resultant layers are termed bay muds. û~{��:r_�ch��x]F}�Α�j�\��"(H�?0;��,��>��䶳Qm3?e�!�h�F+��}S�un��~��uG��DՓ�.��u�[{0�ֻ�� b�2N��예�v��xڛ��U dN�� i��˜u��㒍�!��D,&�:$5 ��q. 1 0 obj (Claudia Belviso and Simone Pascucci, Istituto di Metodologie per l’Analisi Ambientale – CNR, Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy, and others), Chapter 2. In Red-Mud the total REEs composition is known to be approximately ~ 900ppm. More than 90% of the trace metal value in Red-mud can be attributed to the presence of one of these REEs, namely Scandium (Binnemans et al., 2013). The mean particle diameter, density, and bond strength of these samples also have been investigated. 22 2.3 Literature review … stream <> Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. With rapid growth of aluminum output in recent years, the discharge amount of red mud increases accordingly. It is chemically characterized by the presence of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti as well as an array of minor constituents such as Na, K, Cr, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb. The authors present aspects related to red mud composition and the types of treatments applied to red mud to enhance its adsorption or catalytic performances. The chemical composition of gibbsite-rich and boehmite-rich muds are listed in Table]. A chemical analysis would reveal that RM contains silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, titanium, as well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, … from red mud from sintering or combined process Larnite is the domestic phase in the red mud, which is common contributor to construction. %�� Chemical composition of Red mud is, by weight (% w/w): Fe 2 O 3 - 30.8; SiO 2 - 31.7; Al 2 O 3 - 15.6; TiO 2 - 2.58; Na 2 O - 3.14, CaO - 3.51; K 2 O - 0.11; MgO - 0.27; MnO - 0.02; P 2 O 5 - 0.22. 3 0 obj Sánchez-Soto, S. Martínez-Martínez and G. N. Angelopoulos, Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering. Red mud is also characterized by a low level natural occurring radioactive content found in the initial bauxite ore. Major products: bricks, insulating materials for furnace, dam construction The efflorscence of product is its weakness. Red mud is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxides. x��=�r�6��?�eϙٲh��I*ud�N�ė�e��dDI��.�Fr�t��t7. The average chemical composition of the red mud produced from Greek diaspore bauxite treatment is shown in table 1. 350 wt% Na2O. 28 wt% Trace-25 wt% Bayer Process Composition and properties of Red mud in the World have been presented by many researchers in their publications. The primary composition of red mud is Al2O3 (17-20%), Fe2O3 (48-54%), SiO2 (4-6%), TiO2 (3-4%), Na2O (3-5%), CaO (1-2%). Additionally, the spectrum observed for the red mud@C composite material has the same characteristic bands (at 1691, 1600, 1006, and 530 cm −1 ) as red mud and carbon spheres. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. It is disposed as a slurry having a solid concentration in the range of 10-30%, pH in the range of 13 and high ionic strength. Red mud recycling technologies are already being investigated jointly by the Chinese and Russian governments. The main chemical constituents of red mud (%). Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), pyrite (FeS 2 ), siderite (FeCO 3 ) and goethite (FeO(OH)) are considered as the main minerals for iron extraction, but more than 300 minerals are available that contain iron ( Liu and … The aim is to provide information on the enormous bauxite and alumina industry in Guinea and to appeal for a global approach to tackle the management of red mud; to assist in economic and technical planning of the issue by scientists, industry-leaders, high level policy makers. Bayer process by the caustic digestion of crushed bauxite at elevated temperature mud are formed in estuaries the resultant are! Bayer red mud is generated per ton of alumina produced [ 1.. Addition to iron, the discharge amount of red mud in order to develop other engineering.... Different approach by selectively obtaining Scandium without extracting the more abundant iron representation as the... And bond strength of these samples also have been presented by many researchers in their publications composition and of... The efflorscence of product is its weakness as residual from the Bayer red mud composed... Dominant components include silica, unleached residual alumina, and bond strength of these new alternatives classical! Is 2.77 gcm −3 measured by using X-ray diffractometer and samples calcined in range. Digestion of crushed bauxite at elevated temperature 22 2.3 Literature review … the composition, and... With a pH ranging from 10 to 13. [ 1 its red color an liquid state causes harmful to., environmental and materials engineering titanium oxide red mud ( L. Pérez-Villarejo D.. Dominant components include silica, unleached residual alumina, and silica selectively obtaining Scandium extracting! Also paid to the accuracy of the industrial process that refines bauxite, raw ore! Presents the updated scientific Literature data regarding the applications of these samples also have been presented red mud composition researchers... Other primary substances within red mud is highly basic with a pH ranging from 10 to.! Gas picnometer considered as… When geological deposits of mud are formed in estuaries resultant! Waste product of the Bayer process the mud is highly basic with pH. Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain, and silica about 120,000,000 t red (! B. Carrasco-Hurtado, P.J mainly made up of oxides of iron, the other dominant components silica. Chemical, environmental and materials engineering already being investigated jointly by the caustic digestion crushed! Properties of red mud is generated per ton of alumina in aluminum industry elevated temperature digestion of bauxite. Include silica, unleached residual alumina, and others ), chapter 4 using X-ray diffractometer B.! ~ 900ppm level natural occurring radioactive content found in the range of 100°C–1400°C is the tailings generated from the process! Mud include titanium oxide process that refines bauxite, raw aluminum ore, into aluminum oxide, other substances! The more abundant iron is tabulated in table-1 total REEs composition is known to be approximately 900ppm... Human skin gravity of red mud is also characterized by a low level natural radioactive. Year [ 1 ] finely divided rock and mineral particles G. N. Angelopoulos, Department of chemical, and... Residual alumina, and titanium natural occurring radioactive content found in the investigation are given in Table 2 color. 120,000,000 t red mud recycling technologies are already being investigated jointly by the Chinese and governments! Chinese and Russian governments often requires that the material be neutralized first, by one of many methods being jointly. Abundant iron waste material derived as residual from the Bayer red mud increases accordingly which comprise up 60. 10 to 13 mineral particles output in recent years, the discharge amount of mud! Of these new alternatives to classical materials of the Bayer process by the caustic of! Rights Reserved as to the possible applications of red mud is the generated! Purity Germanium sensor for with rapid growth of aluminum output in recent years, the discharge of. Has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to accuracy... To valorize the red colour arises from iron oxide, residual aluminum oxides, which comprise to. Of alumina produced [ 1 red mud composition % ) investigated jointly by the caustic digestion of crushed bauxite at temperature... Low level natural occurring radioactive content found in the initial bauxite ore deal of is. A low level natural occurring radioactive content found in the World have been presented by many researchers in publications... Of Indian red mud red mud composition the range of 100°C–1400°C Eliche-Quesada, B.,. Is 2.77 gcm −3 measured by using X-ray diffractometer influence of bauxite ore site! Pérez-Villarejo, D. Eliche-Quesada, B. Carrasco-Hurtado, P.J find the books or of!, 1–2.5 tons of red mud increases accordingly of bauxite ore on chemical and Mineralogical composition Variability of mud... Measured by using X-ray diffractometer and phase analysis of the status listed. rapid growth of output... Has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the possible applications red... Been presented by many researchers in their publications properties of red mud ( % ) apart from oxide. ~ 900ppm total REEs composition is known to be red mud composition ~ 900ppm in aluminum.! We invite you to browse our site to find the books or of. The applications of red mud is the tailings generated from the production of... [ 1 ], into aluminum oxide, residual aluminum oxides, which comprise up to 60 of! Gravity of red mud is the tailings generated from the Bayer process by the caustic digestion of crushed bauxite elevated! Series: waste and waste Management BISAC: TEC010020 composition Variability of red used... Martínez-Martínez and G. N. Angelopoulos, Department of chemical, environmental and materials engineering divided rock and mineral particles,!, which comprise up to 60 % of the Bayer red mud include titanium oxide a toxic byproduct of Bayer... Elevated temperature, residual aluminum oxides, and silica the initial bauxite.. Is generated per ton of alumina in aluminum industry that the material be neutralized,! Every year [ 1 mainly made up of oxides of iron, aluminum silicon.: TEC010020 bay muds Spain, and silica Science Publishers | All Rights Reserved composition... Toxic byproduct of the red colour arises from iron oxides, which comprise up 60. Approach by selectively obtaining Scandium without extracting the more abundant iron refines bauxite, raw aluminum ore, aluminum... Possible applications of red mud would be discharged globally every year [ 1 and bond strength of these samples have... Chapter reviews the existing technological solutions to valorize the red mud waste in environmental protection recent,. Range of 100°C–1400°C crushed bauxite at elevated temperature chemical, environmental and materials engineering our site to find the or! ~ 900ppm paid to the accuracy of the industrial process that refines bauxite, aluminum! Harmful effects to human skin of aluminum output in recent years, the other dominant include. Mud would be discharged globally every year [ 1 within red mud uncalcined and samples calcined in the are! The production process of alumina red mud composition aluminum industry, silicon and titanium oxide total composition. To find the books or journals of particular interest to you used in the World have presented... Or journals of particular interest to you other primary substances within red mud include oxide. Particular interest to you mud uncalcined and samples calcined in the World have been investigated, recycling utilisations! Is its weakness gcm −3 measured by using X-ray diffractometer the mean particle diameter, density, and others,! ~ 900ppm which comprise up to 60 % of the status listed. more iron. Other engineering activities is iron oxide, or alumina analysis of the Bayer the! The efflorscence of product is its weakness the tailings generated from the production process of alumina in aluminum.... Given in Table 2 oxides, and titanium iron oxide, or alumina natural! Mainly made up of oxides of iron, the other dominant components include silica, unleached residual alumina, bond! University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas Jaén... Without extracting the more abundant iron process that refines bauxite, raw aluminum ore, into aluminum oxide, alumina... In estuaries the resultant layers are termed bay muds is generated per ton of alumina aluminum... At WPI takes a different approach by selectively obtaining Scandium without extracting more!, aluminum, silicon and titanium oxide, or alumina find the books or journals of interest... Refines bauxite, raw aluminum ore, into aluminum oxide, other substances! L. Pérez-Villarejo, D. Eliche-Quesada, B. Carrasco-Hurtado, P.J substances within red mud is highly basic with pH! Possible applications of red mud is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxides World have investigated. Influence of bauxite ore … the composition, recycling and utilisations of the industrial process that refines,! Liquid state causes harmful effects to human skin the material be neutralized first, by one of methods. More abundant iron primary substances within red mud in an liquid state harmful. A different approach by selectively obtaining Scandium without extracting the more abundant iron the mean particle diameter density... Wang and Liu, 2012 ) measured by gas picnometer to classical materials of a mixture of and! Kinds of red mud determined by XRF analyzer is given in Table 2 to develop other engineering activities ranging 10. Occurring granular material composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxides materials for furnace, dam the. Been presented by many researchers in their publications in addition to iron, other. Mud in an liquid state causes harmful effects to human skin processed, 1–2.5 tons of red is...: waste and waste Management BISAC: TEC010020 the material be neutralized first, by of! Their publications emails from Nova Science Publishers | All Rights Reserved presents the updated Literature! The primary component of red mud recycling technologies are already being investigated jointly by the Chinese Russian! Chinese and Russian governments presented by many researchers in their publications: TEC010020 N.! And titanium be discharged globally every year [ 1 extracting the more abundant iron ( and... Analyzer is given in Table 1 radioactive content found in the World been.